James Peugh, Michelle A. Maher, Josipa Roksa, and Colby Tofel-Grehl, "Time-to-Credit Gender Inequities of First-Year PhD Students in the Biological Sciences,"
CBE–Life Sciences Education 16, no. 1 (2017), article 4. По данным на 2017 г., среди получивших ученую степень PhD в области биологических наук 52,5 % составляли женщины, но при этом они занимали лишь 30–35 % постоянных позиций в соответствующей сфере.
33
Gertrud Pfister, "The Medical Discourse on Female Physical Culture in Germany in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries," Journal of Sport History 17, no. 2 (1990): 191.
34
Adam S. Cohen, "Harvard's Eugenics Era," Harvard Magazine, March–April 2016, https://harvardmagazine.com/2016/03/harvards-eugenics-era.
35
Аннотация к книге: Fine, Testosterone Rex: Myths of Sex, Science, and Society (London: Icon Books, 2017).
36
Аннотация к книге: W. Norton, Fine, Testosterone Rex, https://www.wwnorton.co.uk/books/9780393082081-testosterone-rex.
37
"Cordelia Fine's Explosive Study of Gender Politics Wins 30th Anniversary Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize," Royal Society, news, September 19, 2017, https://royalsociety.org/news/2017/09/cordelia-fine-wins-30th-anniversary-royal-society-insight-investment-science-book-prize/.
38
Fine, Testosterone Rex, аннотация к книге.
39
Gina Rippon, The Gendered Brain: The New Neuroscience That Shatters the Myth of the Female Brain (New York: Random House, 2019), 353.
40
Saini, Inferior, 28.
41
Saini, Inferior, 10.
42
Полное изложение позиции, что наука и разум способствуют социальному прогрессу: Steven Pinker, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress (New York: Viking, 2018).
43
Virag Sharma, Nikolai Hecker, Juliana G. Roscito, Leo Fourster, Bjoern I. Langer, and Michael Hiller, "A Genomics Approach Reveals Insights into the Importance of Gene Losses for Mammalian Adaptations," Nature Communications 9, no. 1 (2018): 1215–19.
44
Damayanthi Durairajanayagam, Rakesh K. Sharma, Stefan S. du Plessis, and Ashok Agarwal, "Testicular Heat Stress and Sperm Quality," in Male Infertility, ed. Stefan S. du Plessis, Ashok Agarwal, and Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr. (New York: Springer, 2014), 105–25.
45
Sharma et al., "A Genomics Approach Reveals Insights."
46
Aristotle, "History of Animals," in Complete Works of Aristotle, vol. 1, rev. Oxford translation, ed. Jonathan Barnes (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 981.
47
Angela Giuffrida, "Sistine Chapel Breaks 500-Year Gender Taboo to Welcome Soprano into the Choir," The Guardian, November 18, 2017.
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Meyer M. Melicow, "Castrati Singers and the Lost 'Cords,'" Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 59, no. 8 (1983): 744
49
Robert B. Crawford, "Eunuch Power in the Ming Dynasty," T'oung Pao 49, no. 1 (1962): 115–48; Eberhard Nieschlag and Susan Nieschlag, "The History of Testosterone and the Testes: From Antiquity to Modern Times," in Lee B. Smith, Testosterone: From Basic Research to Clinical Applications (New York: Springer, 2017), 1–19.
50
G. Carter Stent, "Chinese Eunuchs," Journal of North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 10 (1877): 143.
51
Yinghua Jia, The Last Eunuch of China: The Life of Sun Yaoting (Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, 2008), 8.
52
Jean D. Wilson and Claus Roehrborn, "Long-Term Consequences of Castration in Men: Lessons from the Skoptzy and the Eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman Courts," The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84, no. 12 (1999): 4324–31. Китайским евнухам традиционно удаляли и яички, и пенис, но пенис удаляли не всегда и не везде – это определялось эпохой и культурой. Kathryn M. Ringrose, "Eunuchs in Historical Perspective," History Compass 5, no. 2 (2007): 495–506.
53
Stent, "Chinese Eunuchs," 177.
54
Jia, Last Eunuch of China, 8.
55
Lynn Loriaux, A Biographical History of Endocrinology (Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2016).
56
Arnold Adolph Berthold, "The Transplantation of Testes," trans. D. P. Quiring, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 16, no. 4 (1944): 399–401, 401.
57
Berthold, "Transplantation of Testes," 401 (курсив мой).
58
О подобных результатах сообщал в своих лекциях шотландский хирург Джон Хантер, но он никогда не опубликовал никаких статей с этим наблюдением: Alvaro Morales, "The Long and Tortuous History of the Discovery of Testosterone and Its Clinical Application," The Journal of Sexual Medicine 10, no. 4 (2013): 1178–93; Garabed Eknoyan, "Emergence of the Concept of Endocrine Function and Endocrinology," Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 11, no. 4 (2004): 371–76.
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Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy, British Physiology, and Discovery of the Internal Secretions," Journal of the History of Biology 9, no. 2 (1976): 235–68.
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C. E. Brown-Séquard, "Note on the Effects Produced on Man by Subcutaneous Injections of a Liquid Obtained from the Testicles of Animals," The Lancet 134, no. 3438 (1889): 105–107.
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Erica R. Freeman, David A. Bloom, and Edward J. McGuire, "A Brief History of Testosterone," The Journal of Urology 165, no. 2 (2001): 371–73.
63
Eberhard Nieschlag and Susan Nieschlag, "The History of Discovery, Synthesis and Development of Testosterone for Clinical Use," European Journal of Endocrinology 180, no. 6 (2019): R201–R212.
64
Andrea J. Cussons, John P. Walsh, Chotoo I. Bhagat, and Stephen J. Fletcher, "Brown-Séquard Revisited: A Lesson from History on the Placebo Effect of Androgen Treatment," Medical Journal of Australia 177, no. 11 (2002): 678–79.
65
J. D. Kaunitz and Y. Akiba, "Duodenal Bicarbonate: Mucosal Protection, Luminal Chemosensing and Acid-Base Balance," Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 24, no. s4 (2006): 169–76.
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William Maddock Bayliss and Ernest Henry Starling, "The Mechanism of Pancreatic Secretion," The Journal of Physiology 28, no. 5 (1902): 322, 325–53.
67
J. H. Henriksen and O. B. Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, "Secretin, Its Discovery, and the Introduction of the Hormone Concept," Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 60, no. 6 (2000): 463–72; "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904," The Nobel Prize, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1904/summary/.
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John Henderson, "Ernest Starling and 'Hormones': An Historical Commentary," Journal of Endocrinology 184, no. 1 (2005): 5–10.
69
Об истории открытия первого гормона Старлингом и Бейлисом и влиянии этого открытия на наше понимание регуляции внутренних состояний и процессов см. в: Henriksen and Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, "Secretin," 463–72.
70
Morales, "The Long and Tortuous History of the Discovery of Testosterone and Its Clinical Application"; Eberhard Nieschlag and Susan Nieschlag, "Testosterone Deficiency: A Historical Perspective," Asian Journal of Andrology 16, no. 2 (2014): 161–68.
71
Nieschlag and Nieschlag, "Testosterone Deficiency."
72
Lucia Lanciotti, Marta Cofini, Alberto Leonardi, Laura Penta, and Susanna Esposito, "Up-to-Date Review About Minipuberty and Overview on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Activation in Fetal and Neonatal Life," Frontiers
