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14. Ibid.
15. Broglio F. M. Dalla Conciliazione al giubileo 2000 // Fiorani Luigi, Prosperi Adriano. Roma, la città del papa. Vita civile e religiosa dal giubileo di Bonifacio VIII al giubileo di papa Wojtyla. Turin: Giulio Einaudi, 2000. P. 1178.
16. Ibid. P. 1177.
17. Giardina, Vauchez. Op. cit. P. 187.
18. Ibid.
19. Dumont D. The nation as seen from below: Rome in 1870 // European Review of History – Revue européenne d’histoire. Vol. 15. No. 5. 2008. P. 481.
20. Burns G. The Frontiers of Catholicism. The Politics of Ideology in a Liberal World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. P. 29.
21. Kertzer. The Prisoner in the Vatican. P. 79.
22. Ibid. P. 78.
23. Broglio. Op. cit. P. 1157.
24. Dumont. Op. cit. P. 482.
25. Ibid.
26. Falconieri. Op. cit. P. 265.
27. Coppa F. The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence. London: Taylor and Francis, 2014. P. 143.
28. Dumont. Op. cit. P. 484.
29. Coppa. The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence. P. 143.
30. Salomone A. W., Salvemini G. Italy in the Giolittian Era. Italian Democracy in the Making. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. P. 8.
31. Insolera. Op. cit. P. 371.
32. Dumont. Op. cit. P. 484.
33. D’Annunzio G. The Virgins of the Rocks / trans. A. Huges. London: William Heinemann, 1899. P. 55–56.
34. Insolera. Op. cit. P. 31.
35. Kallis A. The Third Rome, 1922–1943. The Making of the Fascist Capital. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. P. 4, 26.
36. Kirk T. Op. cit. P. 105.
37. Ibid.
38. Kirk T. The Architecture of Modern Italy. Volume 1: The Challenge of Tradition, 1750–1900. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005. P. 231.
39. Kirk. The Political Topography of Modern Rome. P. 113.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Riall. Op. cit. P. 379.
43. Crowley J. J. The Pope. Chief of white slavers. High priest of intrigue. Aurora: The Menace Publishing Company, 1913. P. 430.
44. Ibid. P. 9.
45. Farrelly M. J. Anti-Catholicism in America, 1620–1860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. P. 162–189.
46. D’Agostino. Op. cit. P. 29.
47. Ibid. P. 30–31.
48. McGreevy J. T. Catholicism. A Global History from the French Revolution to Pope Francis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2022. Chapter 5: Milieu. Why Nationalists Attacked Catholics and How Catholics Responded. I. para. 6.
49. Ibid.
50. Lynch J. New Worlds. A Religious History of Latin America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012. P. 208–210.
51. Leo XIII. Testem benevolentiae nostrae. 22 January 1899.
52. Coppa. The Papacy, the Jews and the Holocaust. P. 126.
53. Burns. The Frontiers of Catholicism. P. 4–5.
54. Pius IX. Gravibus ecclesiae. 24 December 1874.
55. Menozzi D. Un nuovo rapporto tra Chiesa e società // Roma capitale. La città laica, la città religiosa (1870–1915). P. 91.
56. Hittinger R. Pope Leo XIII (1810–1903) // The Teachings of Modern Roman Catholicism / Ed. J. Witte, F. S. Alexander. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. P. 39.
57. Pius X. Iucunda sane. 12 March 1904.
58. Barbato M. P. The Holy See, Public Spheres and Postsecular Transformations of International Relations: An Introduction // The Pope, the Public and International Relations / Ed. M. P. Barbato. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. P. 9–11.
59. Pew Research Center. The Global Catholic Population. 13 February 2013.
60. Barbato. Op. cit. P. 10.
61. Maunder C. Our Lady of the Nations. Apparitions of Mary in Twentiethcentury Catholic Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. P. 29–40.
62. Riall L. The Italian Risorgimento. State, Society and National Unification. London: Routledge, 1994. P. 48–53.
63. Dumont. Op. cit. P. 489.
64. Palmesi V. Del tabacco, specialmente del tobacco da fumo. Studii. Reggio-Emilia: Luigi Bondavalli, 1876. P. 58.
65. Dumont. Op. cit. P. 488.
66. Leo XIII. Rerum novarum. 15 May 1891; Pollard J. F. Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy. Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. P. 76.
67. Gregor A. J. Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014. P. 22.
68. Adler F. H. Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism. The Political Development of the Industrial Bourgeoisie, 1906–1934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 15.
69. Coppa F. Politics and the Papacy in the Modern World. Westport: Praeger, 2008. P. 72–74.
70. Coppa. The Modern Papacy. P. 149–151.
71. De Grand A. The Hunchback’s Tailor. Giovanni Giolitti and Liberal Italy from the Challenge of Mass Politics to the Rise of Fascism, 1882–1922. Westport: Praeger, 2001. P. 200.
72. Kertzer D. The Pope and Mussolini. The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. P. 3–4.
73. Carteny A. The Intervention of Volunteers for the French Front (1914): D’Annunzio and the Italian Legion // The First World War. Analysis and Interpretation / eds. Antonello Biagini, Giovanni Motta. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015. Vol 1. P. 395.
74. Coppa. Politics and the Papacy in the Modern World. P. 87.
75. D’Agostino. Op. cit. P. 104.
76. Coppa. The Modern Papacy. P. 159.
77. Falconieri. Op. cit. P. 271.
78. Giardina, Vauchez. Op. cit. P. 213.
79. Duggan. Op. cit. P. 378.
80. Neiberg M. S. The Treaty of Versailles. A Concise History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. P. 28.
81. Ibid. P. 29–30.
82. Woodhouse J. Gabriele D’Annunzio. Defiant Archangel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. P. 345.
83. Pollard J. F. The Papacy in the Age of Totalitarianism, 1914–1958. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. P. 49.
84. Ibid. P. 48.
85. Pollard J. F. Benedict XV. The Unknown Pope and the Pursuit of Peace. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2005. P. 99.
86. Ibid.
87. Gentile E. Paramilitary Violence in Italy: The Rationale of Fascism and the Origins of Totalitarianism // War in Peace. Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War / eds. Robert Gerwarth, John Horne. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. P. 88.
88. Ibid.
89. Duggan. Op. cit. P. 367.
90. Pius X. In Fermo Proposito. 11 June 1905.
91. Pollard J. F. The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–1932. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. P. 21.
92. Hanson E. O. The Catholic Church in World Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987. P. 50.
93. Gregor A. J. Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. P. 178.
94. Popolo d’Italia. Vol. 1. No. 36. 20 December, 1914.
95. Duggan. Op. cit. P. 416–417.
96. Ibid. P. 424.
97. Albanese G. The March on Rome. Violence and the Rise of Italian Fascism. London: Taylor and Francis, 2019. Chapter 2: Political Violence, para. 38.
98. Baxa P. Roads and Ruins. The Symbolic Landscapes of Fascist Rome. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010. P. 44.
99. Albanese. Op. cit. Chapter 2. para. 40.
100. Gentile E. Fascism in Power. The totalitarian experiment // Fascism. Critical Concepts in Political Science / Ed. M. Feldman, R. Griffin. London: Routledge, 2004. P. 22.
101. Albanese. Op. cit. para. 42.
102. Giardina, Vauchez. Op. cit. P. 224.
103. Sassoon D. Mussolini and the Rise of Fascism. London: Harper Press, 2012. P. 13.
104. Duggan C. Fascist Voices: An Intimate History of Mussolini’s Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. P. 55.
105. Mack Smith D. Italy and its Monarchy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. P. 249.
106. Segre C. G. Italo Balbo. A Fascist Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. P. 100.
107. Adamson W. L. Modernism and Fascism: The Politics of Culture in Italy, 1903–1922 // The American Historical Review. Vol. 95. No. 2. 1990. P. 359.
108. Ceci L. The Vatican and Mussolini’s Italy. Leiden: Brill, 2016. P. 81.
109. Fattorini E. Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican. Pope Pius XI and the Speech that was Never Made. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2011. P. 23.
110. Kertzer. The Pope and Mussolini. P. 48.
111. Duggan. Op. cit. P. 81.
112. Ibid.
113. Kertzer. The Pope and Mussolini. P. 49.
114. Pollard. The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–1932. P. 22.
115. Adamson. Op. cit. P. 359.
116. Duggan. Op. cit. P. 205.
117. Ibid.
118. Maryks R. Pouring Jewish Water into Fascist Wine. Untold Stories of (Catholic) Jews from the Archive of Mussolini’s Jesuit Pietro Tacchi Venturi. Leiden: Brill, 2017. P. 9.
119. Blinkhorn M. Fascists and Conservatives. The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-century Europe. London: Taylor and Francis, 2012. P. 41.
120. Broglio. Op. cit.
