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 d1 = pop();

 d1.val = Pow(d1.val, d2.val);

 push(d1);

}

assign() /* assign top value to next value */

{

 Datum d1, d2;

 d1= pop();

 d2 = pop();

 if (d1.sym->type != VAR && d1.sym->type != UNDEF)

  execerror("assignment to non-variable", d1.sym->name);

 d1.sym->u.val = d2.val;

 d1.sym->type = VAR;

 push(d2);

}

print() /* pop top value from stack, print it */

{

 Datum d;

 d = pop();

 printf("t%8gn", d.val);

}

Inst *code(f) /* install one instruction or operand */

 Inst f;

{

 Inst *oprogp = progp;

 if (progp >= &eprog[NPROG])

  execerror("program too big", (char*)0);

 *progp++ = f;

 return oprogp;

}

execute(p) /* run the machine */

 Inst *p;

{

 for (pc = p; *pc != STOP; )

  (*(*pc++))();

}

3.5.2 hoc.h

typedef struct Symbol { /* symbol table entry */

 char *name;

 short type; /* VAR, BLTIN, UNDEF */

 union {

  double val; /* if VAR */

  double (*ptr)(); /* if BLTIN */

 } u;

 struct Symbol *next; /* to link to another */

} Symbol;

Symbol *install(), *lookup();

typedef union Datum { /* interpreter stack type */

 double val;

 Symbol *sym;

} Datum;

extern Datum pop();

typedef int (*Inst)(); /* machine instruction */

#define STOP (Inst)0

extern Inst prog[];

extern eval(), add(), sub(), mul(), div(), negate(), power();

extern assign(), bltin(), varpush(), constpush(), print();

3.5.3 hoc.y

%{

#include "hoc.h"

#define code2(c1,c2) code(c1); code(c2)

#define code3(c1,c2,c3) code(c1); code(c2); code(c3)

%}

%union {

 Symbol *sym; /* symbol table pointer */

 Inst *inst; /* machine instruction */

}

%token <sym> NUMBER VAR BLTIN UNDEF

%right '='

%left '+' '-'

%left '*' '/'

%left UNARYMINUS

%right '^' /* exponentiation */

%%

list: /* nothing */

 | list 'n'

 | list asgn 'n' { code2(pop, STOP); return 1; }

 | list expr 'n' { code2(print, STOP); return 1; }

 | list error 'n' { yyerrok; }

 ;

asgn: VAR '=' expr { code3(varpush,(Inst)$1.assign); }

 ;

expr: NUMBER { code2(constpush, (Inst)$1); }

 | VAR { code3(varpush, (Inst)$1, eval); }

 | asgn

 | BLTIN '(' expr ')' { code2(bltin, (Inst)$1->u.ptr); }

 | '(' expr ')'

 | expr '+' expr { code(add); }

 | expr '-' expr { code(sub); }

 | expr '*' expr { code(mul); }

 | expr '/' expr { code(div); }

 | expr '^' expr { code(power); }

 | '-' expr %prec UNARYMINUS { code(negate); }

 ;

%%

/* end of grammar */

#include <stdio.h>

#include <ctype.h>

char *progname;

int lineno = 1;

#include <signal.h>

#include <setjmp.h>

jmp_buf begin;

main(argc, argv) /* hoc4 */

 char *argv[];

{

 int fpecatch();

 progname = argv[0];

 init();

 setjmp(begin);

 signal(SIGFPE, fpecatch);

 for (initcode(); yyparse(); initcode())

  execute(prog);

 return 0;

}

static int c; /* global for use by warning() */

yylex() /* hoc4 */

{

 while ((c=getchar()) == ' ' || с == 't')

  ;

 if (c == EOF)

  return 0;

 if (c == '.' || isdigit(c)) { /* number */

  double d;

  ungetc(c, stdin);

  scanf ("%lf", &d);

  yylval.sym = install("", NUMBER, d);

  return NUMBER;

 }

 if (isalpha(c)) {

  Symbol *s;

  char sbuf[100], *p = sbuf;

  do {

   *p++ = c;

  } while ((c=getchar()) != EOF && isalnum(c));

  ungetc(c, stdin);

  *p = '';

  if ((s=lookup(sbuf)) == 0)

   s = install(sbuf, UNDEF, 0.0);

  yylval.sym = s;

  return s->type == UNDEF ? VAR : s->type;

 }

 if (c == 'n')

 lineno++;

 return c;

}

yyerror(s)

 char *s;

{

 warning(s, (char *)0);

}

execerror(s, t) /* recover from run-time error */

 char *s, *t;

{

 warning(s, t);

 longjmp(begin, 0);

}

fpecatch() /* catch floating point exceptions */

{

 execerror("floating point exception", (char*)0);

}

warning(s, t)

 char *s, *t;

{

 fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s", progname, s);

 if (t && *t)

  fprintf(stderr, " %s", t);

 fprintf(stderr, " near line %dn", lineno);

 while (c != 'n' && с != EOF)

  с = getchar(); /* flush rest of input line */

}

3.5.4 init.c

#include "hoc.h"

#include "y.tab.h"

#include <math.h>

extern double Log(), Log10(), Exp(), Sqrt(), integer();

static struct { /* Constants */

 char *name;

 double eval;

} consts[] = {

 "PI",    3.14159265358979323846,

 "E",     2.71828182845904523536,

 "GAMMA", 0.57721566490153286060, /* Euler */

 "DEG",  57.29577951308232087680, /* deg/radian */

 "PHI",   1.61803398874989484820, /* golden ratio */

 0,       0

};

static struct { /* Built-ins */

 char *name;

 double (*func)();

} builtins [] = {

 "sin",   sin,

 "cos",   cos,

 "atan",  atan,

 "log",   Log, /* checks argument */

 "log10", Log10, /* checks argument */

 "exp",   Exp, /* checks argument */

 "sqrt",  Sqrt, /* checks argument */

 "int",   integer,

 "abs",   fabs,

 0,       0

};

init() /* install constants and built-ins in table */

{

 int i;

 Symbol *s;

 for (i = 0; consts[i].name; i++)

  install(consts[i].name, VAR, consts[i].eval);

 for (i = 0; builtins[i].name; i++) {

  s = install(builtins[i].name, BLTIN, 0.0);

  s->u.ptr = builtins[i].func;

 }

}

3.5.5. makefile

YFLAGS = -d

OBJS = hoc.o code.o init.o math.o symbol.o

hoc4: $(OBJS)

      cc $(OBJS) -lm -o hoc4

hoc.o code.o init.o symbol.o: hoc.h

code.o init.o symbol.o: x.tab.h

x.tab.h: y.tab.h

      -cmp -s x.tab.h y.tab.h || cp y.tab.h x.tab.h

pr: hoc.y hoc.h code.c init.c math.c symbol.c

      @pr $?

      @touch pr

clean:

      rm -f $(OBJS) [xy].tab.[ch]

3.5.6. math.c

#include <math.h>

#include <errno.h>

extern int errno;

double errcheck();

double Log(x)

 double x;

{

 return errcheck(log(x), "log");

}

double Log10(x)

 double x;

{

 return errcheck(log10(x), "log10");

}

double Sqrt(x)

 double x;

{

 return errcheck(sqrt(x), "sqrt");

}

double Exp(x)

 double x;

{

 return errcheck(exp(x), "exp");

}

double Pow(x, y)

 double x, y;

{

 return errcheck(pow(x,y), "exponentiation");

}

double integer(x)

 double x;

{

 return (double)(long)x;

}

double errcheck(d, s) /* check result of library call */

 double d;

 char *s;

{

 if (errno == EDOM) {

  errno = 0;

  execerror(s, "argument out of domain");

 } else if (errno == ERANGE) {

  errno = 0;

  execerror(s, "result out of range");

 }

 return d;

}

3.5.7 symbol.c

#include "hoc.h"

#include "y.tab.h"

static Symbol *symlist = 0; /* symbol table: linked list */

Symbol *lookup(s) /* find s in symbol table */

 char *s;

{

 Symbol *sp;

 for (sp = symlist; sp != (Symbol*)0; sp = sp->next)

  if (strcmp(sp->name, s) == 0)

   return sp;

 return 0; /* 0 ==> not found */

}

Symbol *install(s, t, d) /* install s in symbol table */

 char *s;

 int t;

 double d;

{

 Symbol *sp;

 char *emalloc();

 sp = (Symbol*)emalloc(sizeof(Symbol));

 sp->name = emalloc(strlen(s)+1); /* +1 for '' */

 strcpy(sp->name, s);

 sp->type = t;

 sp->u.val = d;

 sp->next = symlist; /* put at front of list */

 symlist = sp;

 return sp;

}

char *emalloc(n) /* check return from malloc */

 unsigned n;

{

 char *p, *malloc();