1982. Каждая седьмая из королев и наследниц, рожденных в Англии в период между Вильгельмом I Нормандским и Викторией Ганноверской, умерла во время родов.
26. Mill, Principles, 516.
27. Исайя Берлин выступает против, проводя черту между хорошей «негативной свободой» и не очень хорошей «позитивной свободой». Two Concepts of Liberty, в Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969. Милл не купился на кота в мешке.
28. Mill, Principles, 516.
29. William Stanley Jevons, The Coal Question: An Enquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal-Mines, London: Macmillan, 1865.
30. Marx and Engels, Manifesto, 17.
31. Friedrich Engels, Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy, German-French Yearbooks, 1844.
32. Карл Маркс. Критика Готской программы // Избранные труды Маркса и Энгельса, том 3. – М.: Прогресс, 1970 [1875], 13–30, доступно в Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha.
33. Richard Easterlin, Growth Triumphant: The Twenty-First Century in Historical Perspective, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2009, 154.
34. Easterlin, Growth Triumphant, 154.
35. Thomas Robert Malthus, First Essay on Population, London: Macmillan, 1926 [1798], Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/b31355250. Выражение «Мальтус раскрыл дьявола» принадлежит Джону Мейнарду Кейнсу The Economic Consequences of the Peace, London: Macmillan, 1919, 8.
Глобализация
1. Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, London: J. Johnson, 1798.
2. Gregory Clark, The Condition of the Working Class in England, 1209–2004, Journal of Political Economy 113, no. 6 (December 2005): 1307–1340, http://faculty.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/papers/wage%20 – %20jpe%20–2004.pdf.
3. John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, London: Macmillan, 1919, 8.
4. Подумайте, насколько отличались материальные условия, необходимые, скажем, Томасу Джефферсону в 1800 году, от тех, что были доступны во времена Гильгамеша за пять тысяч лет до этого. Alexander Heidel, trans. and ed., The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946; Robert Silverberg, ed., Gilgamesh the King, New York: Arbor House, 1984; George W. Boudreau and Margaretta Markle Lovell, eds., A Material World: Culture, Society, and the Life of Things in Early Anglo-America, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019.
5. Процитировал мне Тревон Логан.
6. Взгляд на промышленную Британию до 1870 года как на результат скорее «глобализации», чем «технореволюции», я во многом перенял у Грегори Кларка, The Secret History of the Industrial Revolution, October 2001, http://faculty.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/papers/secret2001.pdf.
7. William Stanley Jevons, The Coal Question: An Enquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal-Mines, London: Macmillan, 1865.
8. Rudyard Kipling, Recessional, first published in The Times (London), July 17, 1897, reprinted at Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org /poems/46780/recessional.
9. Keynes, Economic Consequences, 8.
10. Anton Howes, Is Innovation in Human Nature? Medium, October 21, 2016, https://medium.com/@antonhowes/is-innovation-in-human-nature-48c2578e27ba#.v54zq0ogx.
11. Globalization over Five Centuries, World, Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/globalization-over-5-centuries?country=~OWID_WRL, piecing together estimates from many authorities.
12. W. Arthur Lewis, The Evolution of the International Economic Order, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978, 14.
13. Henry David Thoreau, Walden; or, a Life in the Woods, Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1854, 58–59.
14. Mark Chirnside, Oceanic: White Star's Ship of the Century, Cheltenham: History Press, 2019, 72.
15. Elisabeth Kehoe, Fortune's Daughters: The Extravagant Lives of the Jerome Sisters – Jennie Churchill, Clara Frewen and Leonie Leslie, Boston: Atlantic, 2011, 71.
16. Лучшее, что я читал о Ганди, без сомнения, трехтомник Рамачандры Гупты. Ramachandra Gupta, Gandhi Before India, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013; Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World, 1914–1948, New York: Random House, 2018; India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy, London: Pan Macmillan, 2011.
17. Benjamin Yang, Deng: A Political Biography, London: Routledge, 2016, 22–46.
18. Jeffrey Williamson, Globalization and Inequality, Past and Present, World Bank Observer 12, no. 2 (August 1997): 117–135, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/502441468161647699/pdf/766050JRN0WBRO00Box374378B00PUBLIC0.pdf.
19. Steven Dowrick and J. Bradford DeLong, Globalization and Convergence, in Globalization in Historical Perspective, ed. Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Taylor, and Jeffrey G. Williamson, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Conference Report, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003, 191–226, available at NBER, www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c95 89/c9589.pdf.
20. Neal Stephenson, Mother Earth, Motherboard, Wired, December 1, 1996, www.wired.com/1996/12/ffglass.
21. Keven H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.
22. Globalization over Five Centuries.
23. Richard Baldwin, The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016, 5.
24. Robert Allen, Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, 6–8.
25. Robert Fogel, Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964, 39.
26. Wladimir S. Woytinsky and Emma S. Woytinsky, World Commerce and Governments: Trends and Outlook, New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1955, 179.
27. Keynes, Economic Consequences, 32.
28. Elizabeth Longford, Wellington: The Years of the Sword, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969.
29. Thoreau, Walden.
30. Vincent P. Carosso and Rose C. Carosso, The Morgans: Private Inter national Bankers, 1854–1913, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987, 133–200.
31. W. Arthur Lewis, Growth and Fluctuations, 1870–1913, London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1978, 20.
32. Laura Panza and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Did Muhammad Ali Foster Industrialization in Early Nineteenth-Century Egypt? Economic History Review 68, no. 1 (February 2015): 79–100; David S. Landes, Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Imperialism in the Egypt of the 1860's (PhD diss., Harvard University, 1953).
33. Stephen S. Cohen and J. Bradford DeLong, Concrete Economics: The Hamiltonian Approach to Economic Policy, Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2016; John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy, London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1873, 556.
34. AnnaLee Saxenian, Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, 32–34.
35. Allen, Global Economic History, 7.
36. Allen, Global Economic History, 41–42; Lewis, Evolution; Joel Mokyr, The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective, New York: Routledge, 2018 [1999]; Edgar J. Dosman, The Life and Times of Raul Prebisch, 1901–1986, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2008.
Ускорение двигателя технологического роста
1. Kenneth Whyte, Hoover: An Extraordinary Life in Extraordinary Times, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017; Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, vol. 1, Years of Adventure, 1874–1920; vol. 2, The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920–1933; vol. 3, The Great Depression, 1929–1941, New York: Macmillan, 1951–1953; Rose Wilder Lane, The Making of Herbert Hoover, New York: Century, 1920.
2. Ellsworth Carlson, The
