44
Paracelsus, Opera medico-chimica sive paradoxa (Frankfurt, 1605), p. 125.
45
H. Davy, Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide and Dephlogisticated Nitrous Air and Its Respiration (London: Johnson, 1800).
46
W. P. C. Barton, «A Dissertation on the Chemical Properties and Exhilarating Effects of Nitrous Oxide Gas and Its Application to Pneumatic Medicine», M.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1808.
47
C. W. Long, «Account of the First Use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anesthesia in Surgical Operations», Southern Medical and Surgical Journal 5 (1849):705.
48
F. K. Boland, The First Anesthetic: The Story of Crawford Long (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1950).
49
Ibid.
50
L. D. Vandam, «The Start of Modern Anesthesia», in Atkinson and Boulton, The History of Anesthesia.
51
K. B. Thomas, The Development of Anesthetic Apparatus: A History Based on the Charles King Collection of the Association of Anesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (Oxford: Blackwell 1975).
52
W. T. G. Morton, Circular, «Morton’s Letheon» (Boston: Westworth, 1846).
53
Boland, The First Anesthetic.
54
H. J. Bigelow, «Insensibility during Surgical Operations Produced by Inhalation», Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 35 (1846):309, 379–382.
55
J. Snow, On Chloroform and Other Anesthetics (London: Churchill, 1858).
56
S. Guthrie, «New Mode of Preparing a Spiritous Solution of Chloric Ether», American Journal of Scientific Arts (1831):64–65; and R. W. Patterson, «The First Human Chloroformization», in Atkinson and Boulton, The History of Anesthesia.
57
W. Macewan, «Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy», British Medical Journal 3 (1880):122–124, 163–165.
58
F. Kuhn, Die perorale Intubation (Berlin: Karger, 1911): and G. M. Dorrance, «On the Treatment of Traumatic Injuries of the Lungs and Pleura with the Presentation of a New Intratracheal Tube for Use in Artification Respiration», Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 2 (1910): 160–189.
59
R. K. Calverley, «Intubation in Anesthesia», in Atkinson and Boulton, History of Anesthesia, p. 333–341.
60
J. W. Gale and R. M. Waters, «Closed Endobronchial Anesthesia in Thoracic Surgery: Preliminary Report», Current Research, Anesthesia and Analgesia 11 (1932): 283–287.
61
J. A. Stiles et al., «Cyclopropane as Anesthetic Agent», Current Research, Anesthesia and Analgesia 13 (1934):56–60.
62
C. R. Stephen, C. M. Fabian, and L. W. Fabian, «Introduction of Halothane to the U.S.», in Atkinson and Boulton, The History of Anesthesia, p. 221–222.
63
R. Hughes, «Development of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants from the Arrow Poisons», in ibid., p. 259–267.
64
H. Griffith and E. Johnson, «The Use of Curare in General Anesthesia», Anesthesiology 3 (1942):418–420.
65
E. Fischer and J. Mering, «über eine neue Classe von Schlafmutheln», Therape Gegenwart 5 (1903):97-101.
66
J. B. Lundy, «Intravenous Anesthesia: Preliminary Report of the Use of Two New Barbiturates», Proceedings of the Staff Meeting, Mayo Clinic 10 (1930):536-543.
67
J. H. Braun, Local Anesthesia, Its Scientific Basis and Practical Use, 2d ed. (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1924).
68
W. S. Halsted, «Practical Comments on the Use and Abuse of Cocaine: Suggested by Its Invariably Successful Employment in More than a Thousand Minor Surgical Operations», New York Medical Journal 42 (1985): 294–295.
69
J. L. Corning, «A Further Contribution on Local Medication of the Spinal Cord, with Cases», Medical Record 33 (1888):291–293.
70
A. Bier, «Versuche über Cocainisrung des Ruckenmarkes», Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie 51 (1899): 361–369.
71
A. Einhorn, «Über die Chemie der localen Anaesthetica», Munchener Medizinischer Wochenschrift 45 (1899): 1218-20,1254-56; and H. F. W. Braun, «Über einige neue orthohe Anaesthetica (Stovain, Alypin, Novocain)», Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 32 (1904): 667-71.
72
O. Glasser, Dr. W. C. Roentgen (Springfield, III.: Thomas, 1958).
73
Позже Крукс получил три самые почетные медали Королевского общества (Королевскую медаль, медаль Дэви и медаль Копли), а в 1913 году его выбрали президентом этого общества. Подобных почестей не удостаивался ни один физик.
74
R. L. Eisenberg, Radiology, an Illustrated History (St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1992).
75
P. Donizetti, Shadow and Substance (London: Pergamon, 1967).
76
W. Roentgen, «Eine neue Art von Strahlen» (Würzburg, 1895). Эта статья была напечатана на последних десяти страницах выпуска трудов Вюрцбургского физико-медицинского общества за 1895 год (Proceedings of the Würzburg Physical-Medical Society). Полный перевод статьи на английский, озаглавленный «О новом типе икс-излучения», можно найти в книге: Donizetti, Shadow and Substance, с. 185–194.
77
B. H. Kevles, Naked to the Bone: Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Century (New Brunswick. N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1997).
78
Glasser, Dr. W. C. Roentgen.
79
Уютной (нем.).
80
J. J. Cunningham and G. W. Friedland, «Early American Uroradiology, 1896–1933», Urological Survey 22 (1972):226.
81
G. N. Hounsfield, «Computerized Transverse Axial Scanning (Tomography). Description of a System», British Journal of Radiology 46 (1973):1016.
82
G. W. Friedland and B. D. Thurber, «The Birth of CT», American Journal of Roentgenology 167 (1996): 1365.
83
A. M. Cormack, «Representation of a Function by Its Line Integrals with Some Radiological Applications», Journal of Applied Physics 35 (1964):2098.
84
J. S. Nicholas, «Ross Granville Harrison, 1870–1959: Biographical Memoirs». National Academy of Science of the United States 35 (1961):132–162.
85
R. G. Harrison, «Observations on the Living Developing Nerve Fiber», 'Anatomical Record №.5, American Journal of Anatomy 7 (1907): № 1.
86
R. G. Harrison, «On the Status and Significance of Tissue Culture», Archiv für Zelbforschung 6 (1925):4.
87
Nicholas, «Ross Granville Harrison».
88
Письмо М. Т. Берроуза д-ру Фредерику М. Аллену (M. T. Burrows to Dr. Frederick M. Allen), New York, January 26, 1942. Содержится в архиве Р. Г. Гаррисона в отделе архивов и рукописей библиотеки Йельского университета в Нью-Хейвене.
89
A. Carrel, «Rejuvenation of Cultures of Tissues», Journal of the American Medical Association 57(1911): 1611.
90
L. Hayflick, How and Why We Age (New York: Ballantine Books, 1994), p. 127–142.
91
L. Hayflick, персональное сообщение, 1996.
92
J. A. Witkowski, «Dr. Carrel’s Immortal Cells», Medical History 24 (1980):129–142.
93
R. Buchabaum, персональное сообщение, 1996.
94
Hayflick, How and Why We Age, p. 111–136.
95
L. Hayflick and P. S. Moorhead, «The Serial Cultivation of Human Diploid Cell Strains», Journal of Experimental Cell Research 25 (1961):285–321.
96
M. A. Gold, A Conspiracy of Cells: One Woman’s Immortal Legacy and the Medical Scandal It Caused (New York: State University of New York Press, 1986).
97
S. M. Gartler, «Apparent HeLa Cell Contamination of Human Heteroploid Cell Lines», Nature 217 (1968):750–751.
98
Gold, A Conspiracy of Cells.
99
W. A. Nelson-Rees, R. R. Flandermeyer, and P. K. Hawthorn, «Banded Marker Chromosomes as Indicators of Intraspecies Cellular Contamination», Science 184 (1974) 1093–1096.
100
W. A. Nelson-Rees and P. R. Flandermeyer, «HeLa Cultures Defined» Science, 191 (1976):96–98.
101
W. A. Nelson-Rees and P. R. Flandermeyer, «Inter- and Intra-Species Contamination of Human Breast Tumor Cell Lines HBC and Br ca5 and Other Cultures», Science 195 (1977):1343–1344.
102
P. Todd et al., «Comparison of the Effects of Various Cyclotron-Produced Neutrons on the Reproduction Capacity of Cultured Human Kidney CT-D Cells» International Journal of Radiation, Oncology, Biology and Physics 4 (1978):1015–1022.
103
Gold, A Conspiracy of Cells.
104
T. C. Hsu and C. M. Pomerat, «Mammalian Chromosomes in vitro. II. A Method for Spreading the Chromosomes of Cells in Tissue Culture», Journal of Heredity, 44 (1953): 23–29.
105
J. H. Tjio and A. Levan, «The Chromosome Number of Man», Hereditas, 42 (1956):1–6.
106
R. G. Ham, «Survival and Growth Requirements of Nontransformed Cells», Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 57 (1981): 11–88.
107
A. B. Sabin and. P. K. Olitsky, «Cultivation of Poliomyelitis Virus in vitro in Human Embryonic Nervous Tissue», Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology, 34 (1936):357–359.
108
J. F. Enders, T. H. Weller, and F. C. Robbins, «Cultivation of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Cultures of Various Human Embryonic Tissues», Science 109 (1949):85–87.
109
Jonas E. Salk and associates, «Studies in Human Subjects on Active Immunization against Poliomyelitis. A. Preliminary Report of Experiments in Progress», Journal of the American Medical Association, 151(1953):1081–1098.
110
