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8. O’Malley J. A History of the Popes: From Peter to the Present. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009. P. 10.
9. Kaas L. LIFE. 27 March 1950. P. 82.
10. Marucchi O. Christian Epigraphy. An Elementary Treatise with a collection of ancient Christian inscriptions mainly of Roman origin / trans. Willis J. Armine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912. P. 81.
11. Vinzent M. Rome // Cambridge History of Christianity / Ed. M. M. Mitchell, F. M. Young. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Vol. 1. P. 402.
12. Dijkstra R. Peter, Popes, Politics and more: the Apostle as Anchor // The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter (60–800 CE) / Ed. R. Dijkstra. Leiden: Brill, 2020. P. 4.
13. 1 Peter. 5: 13.
14. Demacopoulos George E. The Invention of Peter: Apostolic Discourse and Papal Authority in Late Antiquity. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. P. 14.
15. Romans. 15: 20.
16. Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans. Chapter 4.
17. Irenaeus of Lyon. Against Heresies. Book III. Chapter 3: 3.
18. Beard M., North J., Price S. Religions of Rome. Vol. 1. A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. P. 295.
19. Lampe P. Op. cit. P. 118.
20. Beard, North, Price. Op. cit. P. 177.
21. Ibid. P. 36.
22. Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Roman Antiquities. Book VII. 72: 15–18.
23. Rasmussen S. W. Roman Religion // The Handbook of Religions of Ancient Europe / Ed. L. Bredholt Christensen, O. Hammer, D. A. Warburton. London: Routledge, 2014. P. 203.
24. Suetonius. Augustus. 43: 1.
25. Horster M. Living on Religion: Professionals and Personnel // A Companion to Roman Religion / Ed. Jörg Rüpke. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. P. 337.
26. Beard, North, Price. Op. cit. P. 298.
27. Beard M. The Cult of the «Great Mother» in Imperial Rome. The Roman and the «Foreign» // Greek and Roman Festivals. Content, Meaning and Practice / Ed. J. R. Brandt, J. W. Iddeng. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. P. 340–341.
28. Beard, North, Price. Op. cit. P. 245.
29. Ibid. P. 226.
30. Malaise M. Inventaire préliminaire des documents égyptiens découverts en Italie. Leiden: Brill, 1972. P. 187–192.
31. Lampe. Op. cit. P. 118.
32. Savage S. M. The Cults of Ancient Trastevere // Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Vol. 17. 1940. P. 52–53.
33. Icks M. The Crimes of Elagabalus. The Life and Legacy of Rome’s Decadent Boy Emperor. London: I. B. Tauris, 2013. P. 30.
34. Cook J. G. Crucifixion in the Mediterranean World. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014. P. 182.
35. Clark G. Christianity and Roman Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. P. 6.
36. Gruen E. Jews of Rome Under Nero // The Last Years of Paul / Ed. Puig I Tàrrech, Barclay, Frey. P. 100.
37. Ibid. P. 93.
38. Green B. Christianity in Ancient Rome: The First Three Centuries. London: Bloomsbury, 2010. P. 21–23.
39. Gruen. Op. cit. P. 93.
40. Acts of the Apostles. 18: 1–3.
41. Lampe. Op. cit. P. 359.
42. Bowes K. Private Worship, Public Values and Religious Change in Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press, 2008. P. 49.
43. Minucius Felix. Octavius. 8: 4.
44. Lampe. Op. cit. P. 118.
45. Lucius Apuleius. The Golden Ass. Book IX: 22–25.
46. Bowes. Op. cit. P. 54.
47. Tobin T. H. Paul’s Letter to the Romans // The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament / Ed. David E. Aune. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell, 2010. P. 399.
48. Miller P. C. Women in Early Christianity. Translations from Greek Texts. Washington D. C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2005. P. 62.
49. Tàrrech Puig i. Paul’s Missionary Activity during his Roman Trial: The Case of Paul’s Journey to Hispania // The Last Years of Paul / Ed. Puig I Tàrrech, Barclay, Frey. P. 473.
50. Shaw B. D. The Myth of the Neronian Persecution // Journal of Roman Studies. 2015. P. 4–5.
51. Ibid.
52. Suetonius. The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. Claudius. Ch. 25.
53. Tacitus. Annals. Book 15. Ch. 44.
54. Это слова Лактанция, автора, родившегося примерно в 250 г. Его характеристика Нерона типична для раннехристианских авторов: Lactantius. Of the Manner in which the Persecutors Died. Ch. 2.
55. Tacitus. Op. cit. Book 15. Ch. 44.
56. Shaw. Op. cit. P. 4–5.
57. Некоторые доказывают, что Петра распяли на холме Яникул, но консенсус ученых сходится на том, что он погиб на Ватиканском холме. См.: Marco Angelus A. de. The Tomb of Saint Peter. A Representative and Annotated Bibliography of the Excavations. Leiden: Brill, 1964. P. 44.
58. The Acts of Peter. Ch. 53.
59. Tertullian. Prescription Against Heretics. Ch. 36: 3.
60. Suetonius. The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. Nero. Ch. 16.
61. Pliny the Elder. Natural History. 17: 5.
62. Pliny the Younger. Letters. 10: 96–97.
63. Benko S. Pagan Rome and the Early Christians. London: Batsford, 1985. P. 1.
64. Green. Op. cit. P. 124–125.
65. Benko. Op. cit. P. 8.
66. Beard M., Hopkins K. The Colosseum. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2005. P. 23.
67. Ibid. P. 2.
68. Green. Op. cit. P. 125.
69. Lampe. Op. cit. P. 127.
70. Simonetti M. Le Origini di Roma Cristiana // Pietro e Paolo. La Storia, il culto, la memoria nei primi secoli / ed. Angela Donati. Milan: Electa, 2000. P. 24–25.
71. Ibid. P. 22–23.
2. «Ты победил, Галилеянин»: возвышение христианского Рима
1. Jerome. Letters. 22: 27 (to Eustochium).
2. Sociological Studies in Roman History / Ed. K. Hopkins, C. Kelly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. P. 439.
3. Teitler H. C. The Last Pagan Emperor. Julian the Apostate and the War Against Christianity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
4. Ibid. P. 3.
5. Ames C. C. Medieval Heresies: Christianity, Judaism and Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. P. 45–47.
6. Harries J. Imperial Rome AD284 to 363. The New Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012. P. 42.
7. Ibid. P. 42–43.
8. Галерий (305–311 гг.) и Север (306–307 гг.) будут цезарями-августами соответственно Востока и Запада, а Максимин Даза (305–313 гг.) – аналогом Константина, цезарем Востока.
9. Omissi A. Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire. Civil War, Panegyric and the Construction of Legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. P. 106.
10. Отец Максенция, Максимин (286–305, 306–308 гг.), был соправителем Диоклетиана до ухода последнего на покой.
11. Usherwood R. Political Memory and the Constantinian Dynasty. Fashioning Disgrace. Cham: Springer, 2022. P. 17.
12. Odahl C. M. Constantine and the Christian Empire. London: Routledge, 2004. P. 81.
13. Pohlsander H. A. The Emperor Constantine. London: Routledge, 1996. P. 23–24.
14. Jones A. Constantine and the Conversion of Europe. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978. P. 49–50.
15. Potter D. S. Constantine the Emperor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. P. 143.
16. Процитировано в: Potter. Op. cit. P. 143–144.
17. Lactantius. On the Deaths of the Persecutors. Ch. 44: 1–11.
18. Kalas G. The Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity. Transforming Public Space. Austin: Texas University Press, 2015. P. 51.
19. Eusebius. Life of Constantine. Ch. XL.
20. Baghos M. From the Ancient Near East to Byzantium. Kings, Symbols and Cities. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2021. P. 183.
21. Clark. Op. cit. P. 95–105.
22. Watson A. Aurelian and the Third Century. London Routledge, 2004. P. 200.
23. Eusebius. Oration of Constantine. Ch. 24.
24. Eusebius. Ecclesiastical History. Book VII. Ch. 30: 21; Lactantius. Of the Manner in which the Persecutors Died. Ch. VI.
25. Green. Op. cit. P. 210.
26. Clark. Op. cit. P. 50–51.
27. Ibid. P. 50.
28. Digeser E. De P. A Threat to Public Piety. Christians, Platonists and the Great Persecution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012. P. 1–2.
29. Green. Op. cit. P. 211.
30. P. Luther 4: Decian Libellus, Theadelphia, 12 June-14 July 250. Luther College, Iowa.
31. Beard, North, Price. Op. cit. P. 295.
32. Green. Op. cit. P. 211.
33. Hopkins K. (ed.) Op. cit. P. 452.
34. Bruce L. A Note on Christian Libraries during the Great Persecution 303–305 AD // The Journal of Library History. 1980. P. 131–132.
35. Eusebius. Ecclesiastical History. Book VII. Ch. 13.
36. Lactantius. Of the Manner in which the Persecutors Died. Ch. XXXIV.
37. Green. Op. cit. P. 212–213. К этому времени сменилось много епископов, возглавлявших либо отдельные христианские общины, либо (с начала III в.) сразу несколько христианских общин каждый. Stewart A. C. The Original Bishops. Office and Order in the First Christian Communities. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2014. P. 1–2.
